Adipose Derived Stem Cells for treatment of Lower Genitourinary Dysfunction

Tissue regeneration is the focal point of intensive research efforts that are supported by the increasing number of stem cell sources available. In particular, multipotent mesenchymal stem cells feature many functional properties attractive for regenerative medicine strategies, including their paracrine activity. Adipose-Derived Stromal/Stem Cells (ASCs) have been the focus of extensive work recently, in order to evaluate their efficacy both as cellular therapies and for tissue engineering-oriented applications. The lower genitourinary tract is subjected to many pathologic conditions necessitating repair and treatment. Stem cells freshly extracted from adipose tissue (SVF) or their expanded ASCs counterparts are quite widely studied because they are easily harvested in abundant amounts, making them an excellent source for functional restoration. The therapeutic value of these cells has been evaluated using specific in vivo animal models recapitulating various dysfunctions of the genitourinary system. The aim of this review is to discuss the current status and potential of ASCs for repair and treatment of lower genitourinary tract conditions. Work pertaining to bladder replacement and voiding dysfunction, urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction and tunica albuginea reconstruction will be discussed. In addition, recent studies concerning urethral tissue engineering and regeneration will be described.